apache2服务器的搭建和配置步骤详解

2024-02-24 17:48:03 51

前言

这篇文章主要给大家介绍了在linux下apache2服务器的搭建和配置的相关资料，具有一定的参考价值，下面来一起学习学习吧。

步骤如下

首先当然是下载包包：

myths@myths-X450LD:~$sudoapt-getinstallapache2

装完后就可以用了，在地址栏输入本地回送地址127.0.0.1或者localhost就可以进入到默认的界面了。

默认的界面当然就是apache2的说明界面了。其实很多情况下并不需要在网上寻找帮助文档，几乎所有的软件都会自带使用说明，只是略长，我们一般都懒得看。但是其实很多重要的东西就在这当中，比如apache2的默认界面里：

UbuntuLogoApache2UbuntuDefaultPage
Itworks!
ThisisthedefaultwelcomepageusedtotestthecorrectoperationoftheApache2serverafterinstallationonUbuntusystems.ItisbasedontheequivalentpageonDebian,fromwhichtheUbuntuApachepackagingisderived.Ifyoucanreadthispage,itmeansthattheApacheHTTPserverinstalledatthissiteisworkingproperly.Youshouldreplacethisfile(locatedat/var/www/html/index.html)beforecontinuingtooperateyourHTTPserver.
Ifyouareanormaluserofthiswebsiteanddon'tknowwhatthispageisabout,thisprobablymeansthatthesiteiscurrentlyunavailableduetomaintenance.Iftheproblempersists,pleasecontactthesite'sadministrator.
ConfigurationOverview
Ubuntu'sApache2defaultconfigurationisdifferentfromtheupstreamdefaultconfiguration,andsplitintoseveralfilesoptimizedforinteractionwithUbuntutools.Theconfigurationsystemisfullydocumentedin/usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz.Refertothisforthefulldocumentation.Documentationforthewebserveritselfcanbefoundbyaccessingthemanualiftheapache2-docpackagewasinstalledonthisserver.
TheconfigurationlayoutforanApache2webserverinstallationonUbuntusystemsisasfollows:
/etc/apache2/
|--apache2.conf
|`--ports.conf
|--mods-enabled
||--*.load
|`--*.conf
|--conf-enabled
|`--*.conf
|--sites-enabled
|`--*.conf
apache2.confisthemainconfigurationfile.Itputsthepiecestogetherbyincludingallremainingconfigurationfileswhenstartingupthewebserver.
ports.confisalwaysincludedfromthemainconfigurationfile.Itisusedtodeterminethelisteningportsforincomingconnections,andthisfilecanbecustomizedanytime.
Configurationfilesinthemods-enabled/,conf-enabled/andsites-enabled/directoriescontainparticularconfigurationsnippetswhichmanagemodules,globalconfigurationfragments,orvirtualhostconfigurations,respectively.
Theyareactivatedbysymlinkingavailableconfigurationfilesfromtheirrespective*-available/counterparts.Theseshouldbemanagedbyusingourhelpersa2enmod,a2dismod,a2ensite,a2dissite,anda2enconf,a2disconf.Seetheirrespectivemanpagesfordetailedinformation.
Thebinaryiscalledapache2\.Duetotheuseofenvironmentvariables,inthedefaultconfiguration,apache2needstobestarted/stoppedwith/etc/init.d/apache2orapache2ctl.Calling/usr/bin/apache2directlywillnotworkwiththedefaultconfiguration.
DocumentRoots
Bydefault,Ubuntudoesnotallowaccessthroughthewebbrowsertoanyfileapartofthoselocatedin/var/www,public_htmldirectories(whenenabled)and/usr/share(forwebapplications).Ifyoursiteisusingawebdocumentrootlocatedelsewhere(suchasin/srv)youmayneedtowhitelistyourdocumentrootdirectoryin/etc/apache2/apache2.conf.
ThedefaultUbuntudocumentrootis/var/www/html.Youcanmakeyourownvirtualhostsunder/var/www.Thisisdifferenttopreviousreleaseswhichprovidesbettersecurityoutofthebox.
ReportingProblems
Pleaseusetheubuntu-bugtooltoreportbugsintheApache2packagewithUbuntu.However,checkexistingbugreportsbeforereportinganewbug.
Pleasereportbugsspecifictomodules(suchasPHPandothers)torespectivepackages,nottothewebserveritself.
ValidXHTML1.0Transitional

仅仅从这个文件中，我们就可以至少得到以下的重要信息：

当访问本机的时候，默认进入的页面是/var/www/html/index.html。
配置系统的说明在/usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz中。
完整使用手册可以通过安装apache2-doc进行下载。
主配置文件为/etc/apache2/apache2.conf。
启动和关闭apache2服务可以通过执行命令/etc/init.d/apache2start（stop/restart）当然也可以是serviceapache2start(stop/restart)。这里一定要注意记得！记得！加root权限！这里不加root权限并没有明显的提示（好坑），当遇到问题的时候很难让人想到是这里出的错，所以一定要记得！记得！加root权限！
默认情况下apache2拒绝访问除/var/www和/usr/share文件夹外的其他文件，这种权限是通过apache2.conf文件来控制的.

默认的apache2.conf为：

#ThisisthemainApacheserverconfigurationfile.Itcontainsthe
#configurationdirectivesthatgivetheserveritsinstructions.
#Seehttp://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/fordetailedinformationabout
#thedirectivesand/usr/share/doc/apache2/README.DebianaboutDebianspecific
#hints.
#
#
#SummaryofhowtheApache2configurationworksinDebian:
#TheApache2webserverconfigurationinDebianisquitedifferentto
#upstream'ssuggestedwaytoconfigurethewebserver.ThisisbecauseDebian's
#defaultApache2installationattemptstomakeaddingandremovingmodules,
#virtualhosts,andextraconfigurationdirectivesasflexibleaspossible,in
#ordertomakeautomatingthechangesandadministeringtheserveraseasyas
#possible.
#Itissplitintoseveralfilesformingtheconfigurationhierarchyoutlined
#below,alllocatedinthe/etc/apache2/directory:
#
#/etc/apache2/
#|--apache2.conf
#|`--ports.conf
#|--mods-enabled
#||--*.load
#|`--*.conf
#|--conf-enabled
#|`--*.conf
#`--sites-enabled
#`--*.conf
#
#
#*apache2.confisthemainconfigurationfile(thisfile).Itputsthepieces
#togetherbyincludingallremainingconfigurationfileswhenstartingupthe
#webserver.
#
#*ports.confisalwaysincludedfromthemainconfigurationfile.Itis
#supposedtodeterminelisteningportsforincomingconnectionswhichcanbe
#customizedanytime.
#
#*Configurationfilesinthemods-enabled/,conf-enabled/andsites-enabled/
#directoriescontainparticularconfigurationsnippetswhichmanagemodules,
#globalconfigurationfragments,orvirtualhostconfigurations,
#respectively.
#
#Theyareactivatedbysymlinkingavailableconfigurationfilesfromtheir
#respective*-available/counterparts.Theseshouldbemanagedbyusingour
#helpersa2enmod/a2dismod,a2ensite/a2dissiteanda2enconf/a2disconf.See
#theirrespectivemanpagesfordetailedinformation.
#
#*Thebinaryiscalledapache2\.Duetotheuseofenvironmentvariables,in
#thedefaultconfiguration,apache2needstobestarted/stoppedwith
#/etc/init.d/apache2orapache2ctl.Calling/usr/bin/apache2directlywillnot
#workwiththedefaultconfiguration.
#Globalconfiguration
#
#
#ServerRoot:Thetopofthedirectorytreeunderwhichtheserver's
#configuration,error,andlogfilesarekept.
#
#NOTE!IfyouintendtoplacethisonanNFS(orotherwisenetwork)
#mountedfilesystemthenpleasereadtheMutexdocumentation(available
#at);
#youwillsaveyourselfalotoftrouble.
#
#DoNOTaddaslashattheendofthedirectorypath.
#
#ServerRoot"/etc/apache2"
#
#TheacceptserializationlockfileMUSTBESTOREDONALOCALDISK.
#
Mutexfile:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR}default
#
#PidFile:Thefileinwhichtheservershouldrecorditsprocess
#identificationnumberwhenitstarts.
#Thisneedstobesetin/etc/apache2/envvars
#
PidFile${APACHE_PID_FILE}
#
#Timeout:Thenumberofsecondsbeforereceivesandsendstimeout.
#
Timeout300
#
#KeepAlive:Whetherornottoallowpersistentconnections(morethan
#onerequestperconnection).Setto"Off"todeactivate.
#
KeepAliveOn
#
#MaxKeepAliveRequests:Themaximumnumberofrequeststoallow
#duringapersistentconnection.Setto0toallowanunlimitedamount.
#Werecommendyouleavethisnumberhigh,formaximumperformance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests100
#
#KeepAliveTimeout:Numberofsecondstowaitforthenextrequestfromthe
#sameclientonthesameconnection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout5
#Theseneedtobesetin/etc/apache2/envvars
User${APACHE_RUN_USER}
Group${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
#
#HostnameLookups:LogthenamesofclientsorjusttheirIPaddresses
#e.g.,www.apache.org(on)or204.62.129.132(off).
#Thedefaultisoffbecauseit'dbeoverallbetterforthenetifpeople
#hadtoknowinglyturnthisfeatureon,sinceenablingitmeansthat
#eachclientrequestwillresultinATLEASTonelookuprequesttothe
#nameserver.
#
HostnameLookupsOff
#ErrorLog:Thelocationoftheerrorlogfile.
#IfyoudonotspecifyanErrorLogdirectivewithina
#container,errormessagesrelatingtothatvirtualhostwillbe
#loggedhere.Ifyou*do*defineanerrorlogfilefora
#container,thathost'serrorswillbeloggedthereandnothere.
#
ErrorLog${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
#
#LogLevel:Controltheseverityofmessagesloggedtotheerror_log.
#Availablevalues:trace8,...,trace1,debug,info,notice,warn,
#error,crit,alert,emerg.
#Itisalsopossibletoconfiguretheloglevelforparticularmodules,e.g.
#"LogLevelinfossl:warn"
#
LogLevelwarn
#Includemoduleconfiguration:
IncludeOptionalmods-enabled/*.load
IncludeOptionalmods-enabled/*.conf
#Includelistofportstolistenon
Includeports.conf
#SetsthedefaultsecuritymodeloftheApache2HTTPDserver.Itdoes
#notallowaccesstotherootfilesystemoutsideof/usr/shareand/var/www.
#TheformerisusedbywebapplicationspackagedinDebian,
#thelattermaybeusedforlocaldirectoriesservedbythewebserver.If
#yoursystemisservingcontentfromasub-directoryin/srvyoumustallow
#accesshere,orinanyrelatedvirtualhost.

OptionsFollowSymLinks
AllowOverrideNone
Requirealldenied


AllowOverrideNone
Requireallgranted


OptionsIndexesFollowSymLinks
AllowOverrideNone
Requireallgranted

#
#OptionsIndexesFollowSymLinks
#AllowOverrideNone
#Requireallgranted
#
#AccessFileName:Thenameofthefiletolookforineachdirectory
#foradditionalconfigurationdirectives.SeealsotheAllowOverride
#directive.
#
AccessFileName.htaccess
#
#Thefollowinglinesprevent.htaccessand.htpasswdfilesfrombeing
#viewedbyWebclients.
#

Requirealldenied

#
#Thefollowingdirectivesdefinesomeformatnicknamesforusewith
#aCustomLogdirective.
#
#ThesedeviatefromtheCommonLogFormatdefinitionsinthattheyuse%O
#(theactualbytessentincludingheaders)insteadof%b(thesizeofthe
#requestedfile),becausethelattermakesitimpossibletodetectpartial
#requests.
#
#Notethattheuseof%{X-Forwarded-For}iinsteadof%hisnotrecommended.
#Usemod_remoteipinstead.
#
LogFormat"%v:%p%h%l%u%t"%r"%>s%O"%{Referer}i""%{User-Agent}i""vhost_combined
LogFormat"%h%l%u%t"%r"%>s%O"%{Referer}i""%{User-Agent}i""combined
LogFormat"%h%l%u%t"%r"%>s%O"common
LogFormat"%{Referer}i->%U"referer
LogFormat"%{User-agent}i"agent
#Includeofdirectoriesignoreseditors'anddpkg'sbackupfiles,
#seeREADME.Debianfordetails.
#Includegenericsnippetsofstatements
IncludeOptionalconf-enabled/*.conf
#Includethevirtualhostconfigurations:
IncludeOptionalsites-enabled/*.conf
#vim:syntax=apachets=4sw=4sts=4srnoet

注意这当中的一段：


OptionsFollowSymLinks
AllowOverrideNone
Requirealldenied


AllowOverrideNone
Requireallgranted


OptionsIndexesFollowSymLinks
AllowOverrideNone
Requireallgranted

由这段可以很容易的知道apache2到底为哪些文件夹赋予了打开的权限了。以后就可以通过修改这里达到各种不可告人的目的了。

最后还有一个重要的配置，就是默认目录的更改。默认的目录其实是记录在:/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf文件当中（在/etc/apache2/sites-enable/中也有一个指向他的链接）：

myths@myths-X450LD:/etc/apache2/sites-available$cat000-default.conf

#TheServerNamedirectivesetstherequestscheme,hostnameandportthat
#theserverusestoidentifyitself.Thisisusedwhencreating
#redirectionURLs.Inthecontextofvirtualhosts,theServerName
#specifieswhathostnamemustappearintherequest'sHost:headerto
#matchthisvirtualhost.Forthedefaultvirtualhost(thisfile)this
#valueisnotdecisiveasitisusedasalastresorthostregardless.
#However,youmustsetitforanyfurthervirtualhostexplicitly.
#ServerNamewww.example.com
ServerAdminwebmaster@localhost
DocumentRoot/var/www/html
#Availableloglevels:trace8,...,trace1,debug,info,notice,warn,
#error,crit,alert,emerg.
#Itisalsopossibletoconfiguretheloglevelforparticular
#modules,e.g.
#LogLevelinfossl:warn
ErrorLog${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.logcombined
#Formostconfigurationfilesfromconf-available/,whichare
#enabledordisabledatagloballevel,itispossibleto
#includealineforonlyoneparticularvirtualhost.Forexamplethe
#followinglineenablestheCGIconfigurationforthishostonly
#afterithasbeengloballydisabledwith"a2disconf".
#Includeconf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf

#vim:syntax=apachets=4sw=4sts=4srnoet

当中的“DocumentRoot”键对应的值就是默认的目录了，可以任由我们修改了。

apache2的简单配置基本就是这些，不需要百度，我们也是完全可以自己弄清楚的。

注：

修改完配置文件后记得重启服务
可以顺手吧/var/www的权限设置为777方便修改网页

总结

以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助，如果有疑问大家可以留言交流，谢谢大家对毛票票的支持。

apache2服务器的搭建和配置步骤详解

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