Python开发之pip安装及使用方法详解

2023-07-31 21:23:04 78

pip是什么

其实，pip就是Python标准库（ThePythonStandardLibrary）中的一个包，这个包比较特殊，用它可以来管理Python标准库（ThePythonStandardLibrary）中其他的包。pip支持从PyPI（https://pypi.org/），版本控制，本地项目以及直接从分发文件进行安装。pip是一个命令行程序。安装pip后，会向系统添加一个pip命令，该命令可以从命令提示符运行。

目前，pip是ThePythonPackagingAuthority(PyPA)推荐的Python包管理工具！

ThePythonPackagingAuthority(PyPA)isaworkinggroupthatmaintainsmanyoftherelevantprojectsinPythonpackaging.

pip安装

从Python2版本>=2.7.9或Python3版本>=3.4开始，官网的安装包中已经自带了pip，在安装时用户可以直接选择安装。或者如果使用由virtualenv或者pyvenv创建的VirtualEnvironment，那么pip也是被默认安装的。

如果没有在安装python时候，选择上"安装pip"选项，那么也可以从本地安装。例如，直接使用get-pip.py进行安装。

首先从官网下载get-pip.py；

然后直接运行pythonget-pip.py即可；

pip使用

安装后，在命令行中键入：pip+回车，就会出现如下使用说明：

Usage:
pip[options]

Commands:
installInstallpackages.
downloadDownloadpackages.
uninstallUninstallpackages.
freezeOutputinstalledpackagesinrequirementsformat.
listListinstalledpackages.
showShowinformationaboutinstalledpackages.
checkVerifyinstalledpackageshavecompatibledependencies.
configManagelocalandglobalconfiguration.
searchSearchPyPIforpackages.
wheelBuildwheelsfromyourrequirements.
hashComputehashesofpackagearchives.
completionAhelpercommandusedforcommandcompletion.
helpShowhelpforcommands.

GeneralOptions:
-h,--helpShowhelp.
--isolatedRunpipinanisolatedmode,ignoringenvironmentvariablesanduserconfiguration.
-v,--verboseGivemoreoutput.Optionisadditive,andcanbeusedupto3times.
-V,--versionShowversionandexit.
-q,--quietGivelessoutput.Optionisadditive,andcanbeusedupto3times(correspondingto
WARNING,ERROR,andCRITICALlogginglevels).
--logPathtoaverboseappendinglog.
--proxySpecifyaproxyintheform[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retriesMaximumnumberofretrieseachconnectionshouldattempt(default5times).
--timeoutSetthesockettimeout(default15seconds).
--exists-actionDefaultactionwhenapathalreadyexists:(s)witch,(i)gnore,(w)ipe,(b)ackup,
(a)bort).
--trusted-hostMarkthishostastrusted,eventhoughitdoesnothavevalidoranyHTTPS.
--certPathtoalternateCAbundle.
--client-certPathtoSSLclientcertificate,asinglefilecontainingtheprivatekeyandthe
certificateinPEMformat.
--cache-dirStorethecachedatain.
--no-cache-dirDisablethecache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don'tperiodicallycheckPyPItodeterminewhetheranewversionofpipisavailablefor
download.Impliedwith--no-index.
--no-colorSuppresscoloredoutput

pip命令组合比较灵活，下面重点介绍几个。

install

命令行直接键入pipinstall+回车，则出现如下提示：ERROR:Youmustgiveatleastonerequirementtoinstall(see"piphelpinstall")。接着我们键入piphelpinstall,就会出现pipinstall的使用说明了，如下：

Usage:
pipinstall[options][package-index-options]...
pipinstall[options]-r[package-index-options]...
pipinstall[options][-e]...
pipinstall[options][-e]...
pipinstall[options]...

Description:
Installpackagesfrom:

-PyPI(andotherindexes)usingrequirementspecifiers.
-VCSprojecturls.
-Localprojectdirectories.
-Localorremotesourcearchives.

pipalsosupportsinstallingfrom"requirementsfiles",whichprovide
aneasywaytospecifyawholeenvironmenttobeinstalled.

InstallOptions:
-r,--requirementInstallfromthegivenrequirementsfile.Thisoptioncanbeusedmultipletimes.
-c,--constraintConstrainversionsusingthegivenconstraintsfile.Thisoptioncanbeusedmultipletimes.
--no-depsDon'tinstallpackagedependencies.
--preIncludepre-releaseanddevelopmentversions.Bydefault,piponlyfindsstableversions.
-e,--editableInstallaprojectineditablemode(i.e.setuptools"developmode")fromalocalprojectpathora
VCSurl.
-t,--targetInstallpackagesinto.Bydefaultthiswillnotreplaceexistingfiles/foldersin.Use
--upgradetoreplaceexistingpackagesinwithnewversions.
--platformOnlyusewheelscompatiblewith.Defaultstotheplatformoftherunningsystem.
--python-version
OnlyusewheelscompatiblewithPythoninterpreterversion.Ifnotspecified,thenthe
currentsysteminterpreterminorversionisused.Amajorversion(e.g.'2')canbespecifiedto
matchallminorrevsofthatmajorversion.Aminorversion(e.g.'34')canalsobespecified.
--implementation
OnlyusewheelscompatiblewithPythonimplementation,e.g.'pp','jy','cp',or
'ip'.Ifnotspecified,thenthecurrentinterpreterimplementationisused.Use'py'toforce
implementation-agnosticwheels.
--abiOnlyusewheelscompatiblewithPythonabi,e.g.'pypy_41'.Ifnotspecified,thenthe
currentinterpreterabitagisused.Generallyyouwillneedtospecify--implementation,
--platform,and--python-versionwhenusingthisoption.
--userInstalltothePythonuserinstalldirectoryforyourplatform.Typically~/.local/,or
%APPDATA%\PythononWindows.(SeethePythondocumentationforsite.USER_BASEforfulldetails.)
--rootInstalleverythingrelativetothisalternaterootdirectory.
--prefixInstallationprefixwherelib,binandothertop-levelfoldersareplaced
-b,--buildDirectorytounpackpackagesintoandbuildin.Notethataninitialbuildstilltakesplaceina
temporarydirectory.ThelocationoftemporarydirectoriescanbecontrolledbysettingtheTMPDIR
environmentvariable(TEMPonWindows)appropriately.Whenpassed,builddirectoriesarenot
cleanedincaseoffailures.
--srcDirectorytocheckouteditableprojectsinto.Thedefaultinavirtualenvis"/src".
Thedefaultforglobalinstallsis"/src".
-U,--upgradeUpgradeallspecifiedpackagestothenewestavailableversion.Thehandlingofdependencies
dependsontheupgrade-strategyused.
--upgrade-strategy
Determineshowdependencyupgradingshouldbehandled[default:only-if-needed]."eager"-
dependenciesareupgradedregardlessofwhetherthecurrentlyinstalledversionsatisfiesthe
requirementsoftheupgradedpackage(s)."only-if-needed"-areupgradedonlywhentheydonot
satisfytherequirementsoftheupgradedpackage(s).
--force-reinstallReinstallallpackageseveniftheyarealreadyup-to-date.
-I,--ignore-installedIgnoretheinstalledpackages(reinstallinginstead).
--ignore-requires-pythonIgnoretheRequires-Pythoninformation.
--no-build-isolationDisableisolationwhenbuildingamodernsourcedistribution.BuilddependenciesspecifiedbyPEP
518mustbealreadyinstalledifthisoptionisused.
--install-optionExtraargumentstobesuppliedtothesetup.pyinstallcommand(uselike--install-option="--
install-scripts=/usr/local/bin").Usemultiple--install-optionoptionstopassmultipleoptions
tosetup.pyinstall.Ifyouareusinganoptionwithadirectorypath,besuretouseabsolute
path.
--global-optionExtraglobaloptionstobesuppliedtothesetup.pycallbeforetheinstallcommand.
--compileCompilePythonsourcefilestobytecode
--no-compileDonotcompilePythonsourcefilestobytecode
--no-warn-script-locationDonotwarnwheninstallingscriptsoutsidePATH
--no-warn-conflictsDonotwarnaboutbrokendependencies
--no-binary
Donotusebinarypackages.Canbesuppliedmultipletimes,andeachtimeaddstotheexisting
value.Acceptseither:all:todisableallbinarypackages,:none:toemptytheset,oroneor
morepackagenameswithcommasbetweenthem.Notethatsomepackagesaretrickytocompileandmay
failtoinstallwhenthisoptionisusedonthem.
--only-binary
Donotusesourcepackages.Canbesuppliedmultipletimes,andeachtimeaddstotheexisting
value.Acceptseither:all:todisableallsourcepackages,:none:toemptytheset,oroneor
morepackagenameswithcommasbetweenthem.Packageswithoutbinarydistributionswillfailto
installwhenthisoptionisusedonthem.
--prefer-binaryPreferolderbinarypackagesovernewersourcepackages.
--no-cleanDon'tcleanupbuilddirectories.
--require-hashesRequireahashtocheckeachrequirementagainst,forrepeatableinstalls.Thisoptionisimplied
whenanypackageinarequirementsfilehasa--hashoption.
--progress-bar
Specifytypeofprogresstobedisplayed[off|on|ascii|pretty|emoji](default:on)

PackageIndexOptions:
-i,--index-urlBaseURLofPythonPackageIndex(defaulthttps://pypi.org/simple).Thisshouldpointtoa
repositorycompliantwithPEP503(thesimplerepositoryAPI)oralocaldirectorylaidoutinthe
sameformat.
--extra-index-urlExtraURLsofpackageindexestouseinadditionto--index-url.Shouldfollowthesamerulesas
--index-url.
--no-indexIgnorepackageindex(onlylookingat--find-linksURLsinstead).
-f,--find-linksIfaurlorpathtoanhtmlfile,thenparseforlinkstoarchives.Ifalocalpathorfile://url
that'sadirectory,thenlookforarchivesinthedirectorylisting.
--process-dependency-linksEnabletheprocessingofdependencylinks.

GeneralOptions:
-h,--helpShowhelp.
--isolatedRunpipinanisolatedmode,ignoringenvironmentvariablesanduserconfiguration.
-v,--verboseGivemoreoutput.Optionisadditive,andcanbeusedupto3times.
-V,--versionShowversionandexit.
-q,--quietGivelessoutput.Optionisadditive,andcanbeusedupto3times(correspondingtoWARNING,
ERROR,andCRITICALlogginglevels).
--logPathtoaverboseappendinglog.
--proxySpecifyaproxyintheform[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retriesMaximumnumberofretrieseachconnectionshouldattempt(default5times).
--timeoutSetthesockettimeout(default15seconds).
--exists-actionDefaultactionwhenapathalreadyexists:(s)witch,(i)gnore,(w)ipe,(b)ackup,(a)bort).
--trusted-hostMarkthishostastrusted,eventhoughitdoesnothavevalidoranyHTTPS.
--certPathtoalternateCAbundle.
--client-certPathtoSSLclientcertificate,asinglefilecontainingtheprivatekeyandthecertificatein
PEMformat.
--cache-dirStorethecachedatain.
--no-cache-dirDisablethecache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don'tperiodicallycheckPyPItodeterminewhetheranewversionofpipisavailablefordownload.
Impliedwith--no-index.
--no-colorSuppresscoloredoutput

上面一大堆，总结来说，安装命令就是：pipinstall<包名>或pipinstall-rrequirements.txt（对于本地安装包可以指定路径）。唯一需要特殊说明的是，安装时可以指定版本号来安装，举例如下：

pipinstallSomePackage#最新版本
pipinstallSomePackage==1.0.4#指定版本
pipinstall'SomePackage>=1.0.4'#最小版本

uninstall

卸载安装包命令：pipuninstall<包名>或pipuninstall-rrequirements.txt

升级包

pipinstall-U<包名>或：pipinstall<包名>--upgrade

freeze

pipfreeze,查看已经安装的包及版本信息。导出到指定文件中，如图，注意“>”，文件名称随意。常见按第二种写法。

list

列出当前已经安装的包。使用命令piplist-o则可查询可升级的包。

show

显示包所在目录及信息，格式为：pipshow<包名>。如果不加包名，则提示ERROR:Pleaseprovideapackagenameornames.。

search

搜索包，格式为：pipsearch<搜索关键字>。如果不写关键字，则提示ERROR:Missingrequiredargument(searchquery).。

更多关于pip安装及使用方法请查看下面的相关链接

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