Python学习之time模块的基本使用
前言
在我们学习的过程中，肯定会用到各种各样的模块。所以今天我们从time模块开始学习
首先我们在使用某个模块的时候，肯定要先导入这个模块
importtime
而当我们想看看这个模块是干什么的，我们可以使用help函数来看
print(help(time))#打印帮助信息
"E:\ProgramFiles(x86)\python_3.8\python.exe"D:/Application/pycharm_works/_1/test/python模块之time模块.py Helponbuilt-inmoduletime: NAME time-Thismoduleprovidesvariousfunctionstomanipulatetimevalues. DESCRIPTION Therearetwostandardrepresentationsoftime.Oneisthenumber ofsecondssincetheEpoch,inUTC(a.k.a.GMT).Itmaybeaninteger orafloatingpointnumber(torepresentfractionsofseconds). TheEpochissystem-defined;onUnix,itisgenerallyJanuary1st,1970. Theactualvaluecanberetrievedbycallinggmtime(0). Theotherrepresentationisatupleof9integersgivinglocaltime. Thetupleitemsare: year(includingcentury,e.g.1998) month(1-12) day(1-31) hours(0-23) minutes(0-59) seconds(0-59) weekday(0-6,Mondayis0) Julianday(dayintheyear,1-366) DST(DaylightSavingsTime)flag(-1,0or1) IftheDSTflagis0,thetimeisgivenintheregulartimezone; ifitis1,thetimeisgivenintheDSTtimezone; ifitis-1,mktime()shouldguessbasedonthedateandtime. CLASSES builtins.tuple(builtins.object) struct_time classstruct_time(builtins.tuple) |struct_time(iterable=(),/) | |Thetimevalueasreturnedbygmtime(),localtime(),andstrptime(),and |acceptedbyasctime(),mktime()andstrftime().Maybeconsideredasa |sequenceof9integers. | |Notethatseveralfields'valuesarenotthesameasthosedefinedby |theClanguagestandardforstructtm.Forexample,thevalueofthe |fieldtm_yearistheactualyear,notyear-1900.Seeindividual |fields'descriptionsfordetails. | |Methodresolutionorder: |struct_time |builtins.tuple |builtins.object | |Methodsdefinedhere: | |__reduce__(...) |Helperforpickle. | |__repr__(self,/) |Returnrepr(self). | |---------------------------------------------------------------------- |Staticmethodsdefinedhere: | |__new__(*args,**kwargs)frombuiltins.type |Createandreturnanewobject.Seehelp(type)foraccuratesignature. | |---------------------------------------------------------------------- |Datadescriptorsdefinedhere: | |tm_gmtoff |offsetfromUTCinseconds | |tm_hour |hours,range[0,23] | |tm_isdst |1ifsummertimeisineffect,0ifnot,and-1ifunknown | |tm_mday |dayofmonth,range[1,31] | |tm_min |minutes,range[0,59] | |tm_mon |monthofyear,range[1,12] | |tm_sec |seconds,range[0,61]) | |tm_wday |dayofweek,range[0,6],Mondayis0 | |tm_yday |dayofyear,range[1,366] | |tm_year |year,forexample,1993 | |tm_zone |abbreviationoftimezonename | |---------------------------------------------------------------------- |Dataandotherattributesdefinedhere: | |n_fields=11 | |n_sequence_fields=9 | |n_unnamed_fields=0 | |---------------------------------------------------------------------- |Methodsinheritedfrombuiltins.tuple: | |__add__(self,value,/) |Returnself+value. | |__contains__(self,key,/) |Returnkeyinself. | |__eq__(self,value,/) |Returnself==value. | |__ge__(self,value,/) |Returnself>=value. | |__getattribute__(self,name,/) |Returngetattr(self,name). | |__getitem__(self,key,/) |Returnself[key]. | |__getnewargs__(self,/) | |__gt__(self,value,/) |Returnself>value. | |__hash__(self,/) |Returnhash(self). | |__iter__(self,/) |Implementiter(self). | |__le__(self,value,/) |Returnself<=value. | |__len__(self,/) |Returnlen(self). | |__lt__(self,value,/) |Returnselfstring Convertatimetupletoastring,e.g.'SatJun0616:26:111998'. Whenthetimetupleisnotpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime() isused. ctime(...) ctime(seconds)->string ConvertatimeinsecondssincetheEpochtoastringinlocaltime. Thisisequivalenttoasctime(localtime(seconds)).Whenthetimetupleis notpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. get_clock_info(...) get_clock_info(name:str)->dict Getinformationofthespecifiedclock. gmtime(...) gmtime([seconds])->(tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min, tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) ConvertsecondssincetheEpochtoatimetupleexpressingUTC(a.k.a. GMT).When'seconds'isnotpassedin,convertthecurrenttimeinstead. Iftheplatformsupportsthetm_gmtoffandtm_zone,theyareavailableas attributesonly. localtime(...) localtime([seconds])->(tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min, tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) ConvertsecondssincetheEpochtoatimetupleexpressinglocaltime. When'seconds'isnotpassedin,convertthecurrenttimeinstead. mktime(...) mktime(tuple)->floatingpointnumber ConvertatimetupleinlocaltimetosecondssincetheEpoch. Notethatmktime(gmtime(0))willnotgenerallyreturnzeroformost timezones;insteadthereturnedvaluewilleitherbeequaltothat ofthetimezoneoraltzoneattributesonthetimemodule. monotonic(...) monotonic()->float Monotonicclock,cannotgobackward. monotonic_ns(...) monotonic_ns()->int Monotonicclock,cannotgobackward,asnanoseconds. perf_counter(...) perf_counter()->float Performancecounterforbenchmarking. perf_counter_ns(...) perf_counter_ns()->int Performancecounterforbenchmarkingasnanoseconds. process_time(...) process_time()->float Processtimeforprofiling:sumofthekernelanduser-spaceCPUtime. process_time_ns(...) process_time()->int Processtimeforprofilingasnanoseconds: sumofthekernelanduser-spaceCPUtime. sleep(...) sleep(seconds) Delayexecutionforagivennumberofseconds.Theargumentmaybe afloatingpointnumberforsubsecondprecision. strftime(...) strftime(format[,tuple])->string Convertatimetupletoastringaccordingtoaformatspecification. Seethelibraryreferencemanualforformattingcodes.Whenthetimetuple isnotpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. Commonlyusedformatcodes: %YYearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber. %mMonthasadecimalnumber[01,12]. %dDayofthemonthasadecimalnumber[01,31]. %HHour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[00,23]. %MMinuteasadecimalnumber[00,59]. %SSecondasadecimalnumber[00,61]. %zTimezoneoffsetfromUTC. %aLocale'sabbreviatedweekdayname. %ALocale'sfullweekdayname. %bLocale'sabbreviatedmonthname. %BLocale'sfullmonthname. %cLocale'sappropriatedateandtimerepresentation. %IHour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[01,12]. %pLocale'sequivalentofeitherAMorPM. Othercodesmaybeavailableonyourplatform.Seedocumentationfor theClibrarystrftimefunction. strptime(...) strptime(string,format)->struct_time Parseastringtoatimetupleaccordingtoaformatspecification. Seethelibraryreferencemanualforformattingcodes(sameas strftime()). Commonlyusedformatcodes: %YYearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber. %mMonthasadecimalnumber[01,12]. %dDayofthemonthasadecimalnumber[01,31]. %HHour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[00,23]. %MMinuteasadecimalnumber[00,59]. %SSecondasadecimalnumber[00,61]. %zTimezoneoffsetfromUTC. %aLocale'sabbreviatedweekdayname. %ALocale'sfullweekdayname. %bLocale'sabbreviatedmonthname. %BLocale'sfullmonthname. %cLocale'sappropriatedateandtimerepresentation. %IHour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[01,12]. %pLocale'sequivalentofeitherAMorPM. Othercodesmaybeavailableonyourplatform.Seedocumentationfor theClibrarystrftimefunction. thread_time(...) thread_time()->float Threadtimeforprofiling:sumofthekernelanduser-spaceCPUtime. thread_time_ns(...) thread_time()->int Threadtimeforprofilingasnanoseconds: sumofthekernelanduser-spaceCPUtime. time(...) time()->floatingpointnumber ReturnthecurrenttimeinsecondssincetheEpoch. Fractionsofasecondmaybepresentifthesystemclockprovidesthem. time_ns(...) time_ns()->int ReturnthecurrenttimeinnanosecondssincetheEpoch. DATA altzone=-32400 daylight=0 timezone=-28800 tzname=('中国标准时间','中国夏令时') FILE (built-in) None Processfinishedwithexitcode0
那么接下来我们挨个来看看
1.time.time()为当前时间戳，从1900年开始到当前时间的秒数
print(help(time.time))#打印帮助信息 print(time.time())#1610720236.653394#打印当前时间戳
Helponbuilt-infunctiontimeinmoduletime: time(...) time()->floatingpointnumber ReturnthecurrenttimeinsecondssincetheEpoch. Fractionsofasecondmaybepresentifthesystemclockprovidesthem. None 1610727247.1696546
2.time.sleep(secs)让程序暂停secs秒
1print(help(time.sleep))#打印帮助信息 2time.sleep(3)#暂停3秒
Helponbuilt-infunctionsleepinmoduletime: sleep(...) sleep(seconds) Delayexecutionforagivennumberofseconds.Theargumentmaybe afloatingpointnumberforsubsecondprecision. None
3.time.gmtime()结构化时间，不过要注意的一点是这个时间是世界标准时间（格林尼治时间）
1print(help(time.gmtime))#打印帮助信息 2print(time.gmtime())#结构化时间time.struct_time(tm_year=2021,tm_mon=1,tm_mday=15,tm_hour=14,tm_min=22,tm_sec=30,tm_wday=4,tm_yday=15,tm_isdst=0)
Helponbuilt-infunctiongmtimeinmoduletime: gmtime(...) gmtime([seconds])->(tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min, tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) ConvertsecondssincetheEpochtoatimetupleexpressingUTC(a.k.a. GMT).When'seconds'isnotpassedin,convertthecurrenttimeinstead. Iftheplatformsupportsthetm_gmtoffandtm_zone,theyareavailableas attributesonly. None time.struct_time(tm_year=2021,tm_mon=1,tm_mday=15,tm_hour=16,tm_min=16,tm_sec=39,tm_wday=4,tm_yday=15,tm_isdst=0)
不过这时肯定有人该问了，那我们的当地时间怎么表示呢，所以我们来介绍下一个
4.time.localtime()结构化时间，当前时间
1print(help(time.localtime))#打印帮助信息 2print(time.localtime())#当前结构化时间
Helponbuilt-infunctionlocaltimeinmoduletime: localtime(...) localtime([seconds])->(tm_year,tm_mon,tm_mday,tm_hour,tm_min, tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst) ConvertsecondssincetheEpochtoatimetupleexpressinglocaltime. When'seconds'isnotpassedin,convertthecurrenttimeinstead. None time.struct_time(tm_year=2021,tm_mon=1,tm_mday=16,tm_hour=0,tm_min=17,tm_sec=49,tm_wday=5,tm_yday=16,tm_isdst=0)
总说结构化时间，那结构化时间是什么呢，我们来看看里面的参数
我们来拿上面这个例子来解释：
tm_year=2021 当前所在年
tm_mon=1 当前所在月
tm_mday=15 当前所在天
tm_hour=23 当前所在时
tm_min=18 当前所在分
tm_sec=57 当前所在秒
tm_wday=4 当前周的第几天
tm_yday=15 当前年的第几天
但是有时候我们需要的并不是结构化时间，而是类似于2021-01-1523:28:26这样的格式化时间，那我们应该怎么做呢？
6.time.strftime()将结构话时间化为格式化时间
1print(help(time.strftime))#打印帮助信息
2struct_time=time.localtime()
3print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S",struct_time))#格式化时间
Helponbuilt-infunctionstrftimeinmoduletime: strftime(...) strftime(format[,tuple])->string Convertatimetupletoastringaccordingtoaformatspecification. Seethelibraryreferencemanualforformattingcodes.Whenthetimetuple isnotpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. Commonlyusedformatcodes: %YYearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber. %mMonthasadecimalnumber[01,12]. %dDayofthemonthasadecimalnumber[01,31]. %HHour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[00,23]. %MMinuteasadecimalnumber[00,59]. %SSecondasadecimalnumber[00,61]. %zTimezoneoffsetfromUTC. %aLocale'sabbreviatedweekdayname. %ALocale'sfullweekdayname. %bLocale'sabbreviatedmonthname. %BLocale'sfullmonthname. %cLocale'sappropriatedateandtimerepresentation. %IHour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[01,12]. %pLocale'sequivalentofeitherAMorPM. Othercodesmaybeavailableonyourplatform.Seedocumentationfor theClibrarystrftimefunction. None 2021-01-1600:18:38
同样这里为什么要写成"%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S"呢，就是为了控制时间的格式。
那这些都表示什么呢，我们来看看
%Y Yearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber.
%m Monthasadecimalnumber[01,12].
%d Dayofthemonthasadecimalnumber[01,31].
%H Hour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[00,23].
%M Minuteasadecimalnumber[00,59].
%S Secondasadecimalnumber[00,61].
%z TimezoneoffsetfromUTC.
%a Locale'sabbreviatedweekdayname.
%A Locale'sfullweekdayname.
%b Locale'sabbreviatedmonthname.
%B Locale'sfullmonthname.
%c Locale'sappropriatedateandtimerepresentation.
%I Hour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[01,12].
%p Locale'sequivalentofeitherAMorPM.
不过似乎也可以单独使用 time.strftime（），我们来看看结果，但是我们必须要把格式加上，如下所示：
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S"))#格式化时间
#2021-01-1523:36:49
那么，有时候我们也需要把格式化时间转化为结构化时间来使用，这时我们仅仅需要看看接下来的知识就能掌握
7.time.strptime()将格式化时间(字符串)转化为结构化时间
print(help(time.strftime))
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S"))#格式化时间
#2021-01-1523:36:49
Helponbuilt-infunctionstrftimeinmoduletime: strftime(...) strftime(format[,tuple])->string Convertatimetupletoastringaccordingtoaformatspecification. Seethelibraryreferencemanualforformattingcodes.Whenthetimetuple isnotpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. Commonlyusedformatcodes: %YYearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber. %mMonthasadecimalnumber[01,12]. %dDayofthemonthasadecimalnumber[01,31]. %HHour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[00,23]. %MMinuteasadecimalnumber[00,59]. %SSecondasadecimalnumber[00,61]. %zTimezoneoffsetfromUTC. %aLocale'sabbreviatedweekdayname. %ALocale'sfullweekdayname. %bLocale'sabbreviatedmonthname. %BLocale'sfullmonthname. %cLocale'sappropriatedateandtimerepresentation. %IHour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber[01,12]. %pLocale'sequivalentofeitherAMorPM. Othercodesmaybeavailableonyourplatform.Seedocumentationfor theClibrarystrftimefunction. None 2021-01-1600:20:46
当然以上只是一个举例，具体我们可以采用如下方式：
a=time.strptime("2021-01-1522:26:28","%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S")
print(a.tm_yday)#15
print(a.tm_wday)#4
最后，我们快接近了尾声，最后我们再介绍两个就结束了
8.time.ctime()将所给时间戳转变为一个格式化时间
1print(help(time.ctime))#将时间戳转变为一个格式化时间 2print(time.ctime())#如果不带参数则默认为当前时间戳 3print(time.ctime(12412415))
Helponbuilt-infunctionctimeinmoduletime: ctime(...) ctime(seconds)->string ConvertatimeinsecondssincetheEpochtoastringinlocaltime. Thisisequivalenttoasctime(localtime(seconds)).Whenthetimetupleis notpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. None SatJan1600:21:562021 SunMay2423:53:351970
9.time.mktime() 将所给结构化时间转化为时间戳
1print(help(time.ctime))#打印帮助信息 2print(time.mktime(time.localtime()))#将结构化时间转化为时间戳
Helponbuilt-infunctionctimeinmoduletime: ctime(...) ctime(seconds)->string ConvertatimeinsecondssincetheEpochtoastringinlocaltime. Thisisequivalenttoasctime(localtime(seconds)).Whenthetimetupleis notpresent,currenttimeasreturnedbylocaltime()isused. None 1610727764.0
不过值得一提的是，这种方式得到的时间戳精度要比time.time()低的多
最后，在提供一种其他求当前时间的方法
importdatetime print(datetime.datetime.now())#2021-01-1523:55:48.985808
本次time模块便到此结束，其他模块下次讲解
总结
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